谁能聊聊量子计算机怎么计算的原理

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing，感兴趣可以仔细看看
A classical computer has a memory made up of bits, where each bit is represented by either a one or a zero. A quantum computer maintains a sequence of qubits. A single qubit can represent a one, a zero, or any quantum superposition of those two qubit states;[10]:13–16 a pair of qubits can be in any quantum superposition of 4 states,[10]:16 and three qubits in any superposition of 8 states. In general, a quantum computer with n   {\displaystyle n}  n qubits can be in an arbitrary superposition of up to 2 n     {\displaystyle 2^{n}}  2^{n} different states simultaneously[10]:17 (this compares to a normal computer that can only be in one of these 2 n     {\displaystyle 2^{n}}  2^{n} states at any one time). A quantum computer operates on its qubits using quantum gates and measurement (which also alters the observed state). An algorithm is composed of a fixed sequence of quantum logic gates and a problem is encoded by setting the initial values of the qubits, similar to how a classical computer works.The calculation usually ends with a measurement, collapsing the system of qubits into one of the 2 n     {\displaystyle 2^{n}}  2^{n} pure states, where each qubit is zero or one, decomposing into a classical state.
以我粗浅的理解，跟传统数字电路类似，量子计算也是通过逻辑门对输入比特进行计算得到结果。不同的是，量子比特可以在0和1之间任何量子态存在，通过量子逻辑门后得到的结果同样是概率云分布，通过量测坍缩成经典结果。

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同样的输入，输出随机？

我理解的量子计算机是用物理世界的原理来完成计算过程的仪器，物理世界的很多现象是如果知道输入就立刻能得到输出的，量子计算机利用这个规律实现快速计算。类似还有“激光计算机”。

确实有可能吧，只能说坍缩到正确结果的概率最大。对于某些应用来说，结果是否正确很容易验算（比如大数的质数分解），所以偶尔会得到错误结果可能也关系不大

你没学过计算机吧

你老师没教你跟人说话要讲礼貌吧