VNA calibration methods using SOLT an TRL methods

I will assume you are familier with microwave engineering as a start

every network or system can be modeled by its S parameters [S]

the vector network analyzer measures this matrix

this is done by feeding the network fom one port and measuring the reflection from the same port (Snn) and the transmission to other ports (Smn)

the problem is you want to subtract the effect of the feeding probes

this is done by calibration

here is a pdf explaining all methods of calibration

http://cas.web.cern.ch/cas/Denmark-2...%20CAS2010.pdf